Arshian Fars Jurisprudential and Legal Journal

Arshian Fars Jurisprudential and Legal Journal

Amendment of Factual Matters in Civil Proceedings in the Legal Systems of Iran and England

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Rahim Mokhtari 1
Ali Ghodsi Nezhad 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran
2 PhD student, Department of Private Law, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract
Factual matters may be regarded as a set of raw data and objective events presented by the parties to a dispute (claimant and defendant) in the course of proceedings. In both the Iranian and English legal systems, the amendment of factual matters is permissible in light of principles such as the principle of party control over the proceedings and the adversarial principle, and the purpose of such amendment may be to strengthen a party’s procedural position or to alter the position of the claim. The principal difference between these two systems lies in the scope and conditions governing the exercise of such amendments. In English law, greater flexibility exists, and the range of permissible amendments varies depending on whether they are made before or after service of the claim form. By contrast, in the Iranian system, where the amendment of factual matters entails a transformation in the essential elements of the claim, it is subject to limitations and strict regulations. This distinction reflects differing legal approaches to case management and to preserving the balance between the parties’ right of defense and the coherence of the judicial process.
Keywords
Factual Matters
Civil Proceedings
Strengthening Position
Alteration of Position
Service of Process

Subjects

منابع و مآخذ:
منابع فارسی:
- السان، مصطفی. محمودی، نصیبه. (1397). مطالعۀ تطبیقی اصل تغییرناپذیری دعوای حقوقی در حقوق ایران و امریکا. مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی, 9(2), 473-491.
- افتخار جهرمی، گودرز. دنکوب، ابوالفضل. (1391). نقش اصحاب دعوا در امور موضوعی. فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی, 15(ویژه‌نامه شماره 8), 9-40.
- دریائی، رضا. کربلائی آقازاده، مصطفی. (1397). تحلیل فقهی و حقوقی جایگاه «توصیف» امر موضوعی در دادرسی مدنی. آموزه‌های فقه مدنی, 10(18), 127-150.
- غمامی، مجید. اشراقی آرانی، مجتبی. (1389). تفکیک امر حکمی از امر موضوعی در دادرسی مدنی؛ تبیین نظریه عمومی. مطالعات حقوق خصوصی, 40(2).
- حیاتی، علی‌عباس. (1397). آیین دادرسی مدنی در نظم کنونی (چاپ ششم). انتشارات میزان.
- جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر. (1388). ترمینولوژی حقوق (چاپ دوم). گنج دانش.
- جعفری ندوشن، علی‌اکبر، صمدی، مرتضی، . مختاری چهاربری، علی. (1400). آثار تفکیک امور حکمی از امور موضوعی در دادرسی اسلامی. مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی, 13(25), 153-176.
- کیهان، محسن، حیدری، سیروس. ماندگار، مصطفی. (1400). دخل و تصرف در موضوع (خواسته) دعوای مدنی. مطالعات فقه اقتصادی, 3(ویژه‌نامه: جستارهای نوین فقه و حقوق), 141-160.
- شمس، عبدالله. (1393). «سبب»، امور موضوعی و توصیف آن‌ها در دعوای مدنی. فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی, 17(65), 1-24.
- شمس، عبدالله، تقی‌زاده، ابراهیم، . میرحاجی، کامران. (1397). طرح امور موضوعی و آثار آن در دعوای. مجله حقوقی دادگستری, 82(103).
- شمس، عبدالله. (1394). آیین دادرسی مدنی دوره بنیادین (جلد دوم، چاپ سی و دوم). انتشارات دراک.
- شمس، عبدالله. (1402). آیین دادرسی مدنی دوره پیشرفته (جلد سوم، چاپ سی و هشتم). انتشارات دارک.
- توکلی، محمدمهدی. (1402). آموزش جامع آیین دادرسی مدنی (جلد 1، چاپ پانزدهم). انتشارات مکتوب آخر.
- هرمزی، خیرالله. (1395). تغییر نحوۀ دعوی در دادرسی مدنی (مطالعۀ تطبیقی حقوق ایران و فرانسه). مطالعات حقوق خصوصی, 46(4).
منابع لاتین:
 
- Black, H. (2004). Law dictionary (8th ed.). New York: West Publishing Co.
- Goldbach, T. S., & Hans, V. P. (2014). Juries, lay judges, and trials. Cornell Law School.
- Jackson, R. (2010). Review of civil litigation costs: Final report. Judiciary of England and Wales.
- Levy, Prof. (1957). Judicial review of fact questions. Harvard Law Review, 70(Apr).
- Law, C. (2016). The common law and civil law traditions. ‏
- Speed, J., & Lanzkron, L. (2022, May 1). Rules of Evidence (Civil Proceedings) in the UK (England & Wales): Overview. Bird & Bird LLP. Practice note: overview. England, United Kingdom, Wales.
- Barone, P. (2023, January 31). What’s the difference between a question of law and a question of fact? Barone Defense Firm. https://www.baronedefensefirm.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-a-question-of-law-and-question-of-fact/
- Clifford Chance. (2013, March 19). The Jackson reforms: What they mean for English commercial litigation. https://www.cliffordchance.com
- Cornell Law School. (2002). Genuine issue of material fact. Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/genuine_issue_of_material_fact
- Ellis, H. (2023). Cause of action. Hallellis. RetrievedA February 3, 2026, from https://hallellis.co.uk/cause-of-action/
- Ellis, T. (2024, July 3). Litigation brief: An overview of CPR Part 17 amendments to statements of case. AI Law. https://ai-law.co.uk/litigation-brief-an-overview-of-cpr-part-17-amendments-to-statements-of-case/
- Gard’s Insights. (2014, April 7). Jackson reforms - Changes to the English Civil Procedure Rules. https://gard.no/insights/jackson-reforms-changes-to-the-english-civil-procedure-rules
- Gatehouse Law. (2022, February 10). Adding parties to a claim: Pre- and post-service regimes. Gatehouse Law. https://gatehouselaw.co.uk/adding-parties-to-a-claim-pre-and-post-service-regimes/
- Go Legal. (2025, June 11). Amend particulars of claim UK: CPR process, permission & strategy. https://go-legal.co.uk/amend-particulars-of-claim-uk-cpr-process-permission-strategy/
- Griffiths, R., & Keeble, R. (2023, April 19). The April CPR update: Important changes. Deloitte Legal Briefs. https://legalbriefs.deloitte.com/post/102id1e/the-april-cpr-update-important-changes
- Kingsley Napley. (2014, April 17). Case update: The Court’s approach to amending particulars of claim in light of the Jackson reforms. https://www.kingsleynapley.co.uk/insights/blogs/dispute-resolution-law-blog/case-update-the-courts-approach-to-amending-particulars-of-claim-in-light-of-the-jackson-reforms
- Open University. (2009). Judicial decision making. OpenLearn. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/law/judicial-decision-making/content-section-3.3
- Pearl, P. (2001, May 11). Benchmarks – amending statements of case – how to amend without pain and in compliance. The Law Gazette. https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/benchmarks-amending-statements-of-case-how-to-amend-without-pain-and-in-compliance-/21674.article
- Rawet v. Daimler AG, [2022] EWHC 235 (QB) (Eng.). https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/QB-2021-003567-Rawet-v-Daimler-Judgment.pdf
- vLex. (n.d.). Cobbold v. London Borough of Greenwich. Retrieved February 3, 2026, from https://vlex.co.uk/vid/cobbold-v-london-borough-806872165