Arshian Fars Jurisprudential and Legal Journal

Arshian Fars Jurisprudential and Legal Journal

Legal review of challenges related to intellectual property rights in cyberspace

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Prosecutor's Office
Abstract
avigating the Legal Complexities of Artificial Intelligence in Global Trade Agreements
As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to evolve and transform global trade, the technology brings with it a host of legal complexities that challenge traditional frameworks in international trade agreements. This abstract examines the emerging problem of integrating artificial intelligence into global trade agreements, identifies its purpose in addressing these challenges, points out gaps in research, and outlines the structure of the study. The spread of AI technologies in global commerce raises a series of legal challenges, including issues related to intellectual property rights, data protection, liability and legal frameworks. Existing international trade agreements usually lack specific provisions regarding artificial intelligence, which leads to ambiguity and inconsistency in legal interpretations. In addition, the rapid pace of technological developments is outstripping the ability of legal frameworks to keep up, exacerbating this problem. The aim of this study is to analyze the legal complications arising from the integration of artificial intelligence in global trade agreements and to propose possible solutions to deal with these challenges. By examining existing legal frameworks, case studies, and scientific literature, this research seeks to provide insights into the development of inclusive AI business policies that facilitate innovation while avoiding potential risks and inequities.
Keywords

منابع و مآخذ:
- Adams, R. (2023). The evolution of intellectual property rights in the digital age. *Journal of Modern Law and Policy*, 3(2), 52-63.
- Adelakun, B. O., Nembe, J. K., Oguejiofor, B. B., Akpuokwe, C. U., & Bakare, S. S. (2024). Legal frameworks and tax compliance in the digital economy: a finance perspective. *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, 5(3), 844-853.
- Alzubi, J., Nayyar, A., & Kumar, A. (2018, November). Machine learning from theory to algorithms: an overview. In *Journal of Physics: Conference Series* (Vol. 1142, p. 012012). IOP Publishing.
- Arsic, V. B. (2021). Challenges of financial risk management: AI applications. *Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies*, 26(3), 27-34.
- Balasubramanian, N., Ye, Y., & Xu, M. (2022). Substituting human decision-making with machine learning: Implications for organizational learning. *Academy of Management Review*, 47(3), 448-465.
- Buiten, M. C. (2024). Product liability for defective AI. *European Journal of Law and Economics*, 1-35.
- Chang, Y., Iakovou, E., & Shi, W. (2020). Blockchain in global supply chains and cross-border trade: a critical synthesis of the state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities. *International Journal of Production Research*, 58(7), 2082-2099.
- Cihon, P. (2019). Standards for AI governance: international standards to enable global coordination in AI research & development. *Future of Humanity Institute*, University of Oxford, 340-342.
- Ciuriak, D., & Rodionova, V. (2020). Trading AI: Economic interests, societal choices and multilateral rules. In *Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law: Disruption, Regulation, and Reconfiguration,* Cambridge University Press (forthcoming).
- Coker, J. C., Uzougbo, N. S., Oguejiofor, B. B., & Akagha, V. (2023). The role of legal practitioners in mitigating corporate risks in Nigeria: a comprehensive review of existing literature on the strategies and approaches adopted by legal practitioners in Nigeria to mitigate corporate risks. *Finance & Accounting Research Journal*, 5(10), 309-332.
- Deshpande, R., & Kamath, K. (2020). Patentability of inventions created by AI—the DABUS claims from an Indian perspective. *Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice*, 15(11), 879-889.
- Devarajan, Y. (2018). A study of robotic process automation use cases today for tomorrow’s business. *International Journal of Computer Techniques*, 5(6), 12-18.
- Ehimuan, B., Chimezie, O., Akagha, O. V., & Reis, O. (2024). Global data privacy laws: A critical review of technology's impact on user rights. *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, 21(2), 1058-1070.
- Ejairu, E., Mhlongo, Z. N., Odeyemi, O., Nwankwo, E. E., & Odunaiya, O. G. (2024). Blockchain in global supply chains: A comparative review of USA and African practices. *International Journal of Science and Research Archive*, 7, 2093-2100.
- Erdélyi, O. J., & Erdélyi, G. (2020, February). The AI liability puzzle and a fund-based workaround. In *Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society* (pp. 50-56).
- Foss-Solbrekk, K., & Glenster, A. K. (2022). The intersection of data protection rights and trade secret privileges in algorithmic transparency. In *Research Handbook on EU Data Protection Law* (pp. 163-183). Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Giudici, P. (2018). Fintech risk management: A research challenge for artificial intelligence in finance. *Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence*, 1, 1.
- Goldfarb, A., & Trefler, D. (2018). AI and international trade (No. w24254). *National Bureau of Economic Research*.
- Hassani, H., Silva, E. S., Unger, S., TajMazinani, M., & Mac Feely, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence (AI) or intelligence augmentation (IA): What is the future?. *AI*, 1(2), 8.
- Ikwue, U., Ekwezia, A. V., Oguejiofor, B. B., Agho, O., & Daraojimba, C. (2023). Sustainable investment strategies in pension fund management: a comparative review of ESG principles adoption in the US and Nigeria. *International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research*, 5(9), 652-673.
- Konda, S. R. (2022). Ethical considerations in the development and deployment of AI-driven software systems. *International Journal of Computer Science and Technology*, 6(3), 86-101.
- Kuner, C. (2010). Regulation of transborder data flows under data protection and privacy law: Past, present, and future. *TILT Law & Technology Working Paper*, (016).
- Li, W., Yigitcanlar, T., Nili, A., & Browne, W. (2023). Tech Giants’ Responsible Innovation and Technology Strategy: An International Policy Review. *Smart Cities*, 6(6), 3454-3492.
- Liu, H., & Lin, C. F. (2020). Artificial intelligence and global trade governance: A pluralist agenda.
- Makridakis, S. (2017). The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. *Futures*, 90, 46-60.
- Marda, V. (2018). Artificial intelligence policy in India: A framework for engaging the limits of data-driven decision-making. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences*, 376(2133), 20180087.
- Matulionyte, R., & Aranovich, T. (2022). Trade secrets versus the AI explainability principle. In *Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence* (pp. 405-422). Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Meltzer, J. P. (2015). The internet, cross‐border data flows and international trade. *Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies*, 2(1), 90-102.
- National Research Council, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, Applications, Computer Science, Telecommunications Board, Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Infrastructure. (2000). *The digital dilemma: Intellectual property in the information age*. National Academies Press.
- Naumova, E. N. (2023). Who is responsible for AI-generated public health policies?. *Journal of Public Health Policy*, 44(4), 517-522.
- Nembe, J. K., Atadoga, J. O., Adelakun, B. O., Odeyemi, O., & Oguejiofor, B. B. (2024). Legal implications of blockchain technology for tax compliance and financial regulation. *Finance & Accounting Research Journal*, 6(2), 262-270.
- Nwankwo, T. C., Ejairu, E., Awonuga, F. K., Usman, O. F., & Nwankwo, E. E. (2024). Conceptualizing sustainable supply chain resilience: Critical materials manufacturing in Africa as a catalyst for change. *International Journal of Science and Research Archive*, 11(1), 2427-2437.
- Ogedengbe, D. E., Oladapo, O. J., Elufioye, O. A., Ejairu, E., & Ezeafulukwe, E. (2024). Strategic HRM in the logistics and shipping sector: Challenges and opportunities. *Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews*, 11, 294-305.
- Oguejiofor, B. B., Omotosho, A., Abioye, K. M., Alabi, A. M., Oguntoyinbo, F. N., & Daraojimba, C. (2023). A review on data-driven regulatory compliance in Nigeria. *International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences*, 5(8), 231-243.
- Ogunjobi, O. A., Eyo-Udo, N. L., Egbokhaebho, B. A., Daraojimba, C., Ikwue, U., & Banso, A. A. (2024). Analyzing historical trade dynamics and contemporary impacts of emerging materials technologies on international exchange and US strategy. *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, 4(3), 101-119.
- Okogwu, C., Agho, M. O., Adeyinka, M. A., Odulaja, B. A., Eyo-Udo, N
 
. L., Daraojimba, C., & Banso, A. A. (2023). Exploring the integration of sustainable materials in supply chain management for environmental impact. *Engineering Science & Technology Journal*, 4(3), 49-65.
- Okoye, C. C., Ofodile, O. C., Tula, S. T., Ajayi-Nifise, A. O., & Falaiye, T. (2024). Risk management in international supply chains: A review with USA and African Cases. *Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews*, 10(1), 256-264.
- Osman, C. C. (2019). Robotic process automation: lessons learned from case studies. *Informatica Economica*, 23(4).
- Oyewole, A. T., Oguejiofor, B. B., Eneh, N. E., Akpuokwe, C. U., & Seun, S. S. (2024). Data privacy laws and their impact on financial technology companies: A review. *Computer Science & IT Research Journal*, 5(3), 628-650.
- Oyewole, A. T., Okoye, C. C., Ofodile, O. C., & Ejairu, E. (2024). Reviewing predictive analytics in supply chain management: Applications and benefits. *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews*, 21(3), 568-574.
- Park, T. M. (2022). Making AI Inclusive.
- Prasad, A. (2023). Intellectual property rights in the age of content creation. *Commonwealth Law Review*, 9, 196.
- Rajagopal, N. K., Qureshi, N. I., Durga, S., Ramirez Asis, E. H., Huerta Soto, R. M., Gupta, S. K., & Deepak, S. (2022). Future of business culture: An artificial intelligence-driven digital framework for organization decision-making process. *Complexity*, 2022, 1-14.
- Ramalho, A. (2018). Patentability of AI-generated inventions: is a reform of the patent system needed?. Available at SSRN 3168703.
- Rangaraju, S. (2023). Secure by intelligence: enhancing products with AI-driven security measures. *EPH-International Journal of Science and Engineering*, 9(3), 36-41.
- Raschka, S., Patterson, J., & Nolet, C. (2020). Machine learning in python: Main developments and technology trends in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. *Information*, 11(4), 193.
- Sarker, I. H. (2022). AI-based modeling: techniques, applications and research issues towards automation, intelligent and smart systems. *SN Computer Science*, 3(2), 158.
- Tien, J. M. (2017). Internet of things, real-time decision making, and artificial intelligence. *Annals of Data Science*, 4, 149-178.
- Voss, W. G. (2019). Cross-border data flows, the GDPR, and data governance.
- Yeboah, K. (2020). Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Inclusive Innovation: Examining Contemporary AI Initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Yu, C. (2023). AI Revolution: Reshaping Global Value Chains for the Future (No. n6hb2). Center for Open Science.